Дисбаланси просторового розвитку Словаччини: полюси розвитку та периферійні території

Abstract

UK: Стаття присвячена дослідженню просторових дисбалансів у Словаччині: зокрема аспектів полюсів та периферій зростання/розвитку. Концепція просторових полюсів і осей бере свій початок у 1950-х роках, і зараз вона отримує новий поштовх для імплементації. Основна ідея концепції полягає в тому, що економічне зростання не є рівномірним на різних територіях, а концентрується на так званих полюсах, а потім поширюється різними каналами (осями) через інші регіони. Словаччина є однією з небагатьох держав, яка включила стратегію розвитку «полюсів» і «осей», а також периферійних територій до своєї офіційної просторової програми. В зв’язку з успішною імплементацією програми словацький досвід може бути важливим для України з урахуванням проблем поліцентричного та збалансованого регіонального розвитку.

EN: The paper is devoted to the research of spatial disbalances in Slovakia: particularly the aspects of growth/development poles and peripheries. The concept of spatial poles and axes runs back to 1950s and currently it is getting a new spark of interest (after few decades of mixed success implementation in some states). The main idea of the concept is that economic growth is not uniform in different territories but is concentrated in so-called poles, and then it spreads via diverse channels (axes) through the other regions. However, OECD reports show two clear trends: (1) the share of national and international economic growth generated outside major urban hubs ranges from 70 to 80%; (2) today, the regions that are growing most dynamically in most countries are not large cities, but other types of regions, some of which are typically peripheral. Currently some regions in the Europe could be marked as of advanced dynamic development – visually they could be grouped as “Red Octopus” (farther development of the ideas of “Blue Banana”, “Sunny Belt”, “Blue Pentagram”). Nowadays, Slovakia (especially its western regions) is situated on one of the “limbs” of such “Octopus”. However, the eastern part of the country is traditionally consi-dered as European periphery. This makes the paradigm of poles & axes to be very important for the country’s farther progress. There is also an interest to develop the new cross-border axis: Wien (Austria) – Bratislava – Kosice – Uzhhorod/ Mukachevo (Ukraine). Large share of Slovak territory is considered as peripheral in pan-European researches. Nevertheless, a great progress is observed in this field during last decades. Particular improvements are detected considering the GDP per capita growth, unemployment shrinking, public welfare. Slovakia is among few states that included strategy of ‘poles’ and ‘axes’ development in their official spatial program. Taking into account that territorial development and infrastructure issues had been under the control of single Ministry, this provides additional synergy to the growth poles approach. It should be noted that approach combined both global tendencies adapted to local peculiarities of the regional development and could be considered as good example of glocalization strategy. Thus, Slovak experience could be essential for Ukraine taking into account problems with polycentric and balanced regional development.