Підвищення безпеки праці операторів з урахуванням параметрів світлового середовища виробничих приміщень

Abstract

UK: Дисертаційна робота присвячена підвищенню безпеки праці операторів з урахуванням параметрів світлового середовища на постійних робочих місцях, розробці комплексної методики оцінки умов праці для впровадження заходів та засобів щодо підвищення її рівня.

EN: The Thesis is devoted to the improvement of occupational safety of operators, taking into account the parameters of light environment at permanent workplaces, and development of a comprehensive technique to assess working conditions for the introduction of measures and means to increase their level. In recent years, the group of socially significant eye diseases has expanded among the able-bodied population in Ukraine, where this is the optic atrophy that prevails, which is associated with high strain of the visual analyzer due to complicating the content and scope of visual tasks, and increasing work intensity with the use of machines, equipment, and control devices. In the direction of ensuring the safe and healthy working conditions, maintaining the performance ability and high functional status, preventing accidents and occupational diseases, it is necessary to take into 10 account the impact of the parameters of light environment on work intensity when assessing working conditions. Currently, intelligent lighting systems are being actively implemented to save energy and upgrade quality. The implementation of such systems should be based on the creation of a comfortable light environment, taking into account the work process intensity at permanent workplaces of employees, who, in the matter of work, have not only the sensory load of the visual analyzer, but also the intellectual and emotional tension. The paper sets a scientific task: – to increase occupational safety in certain analytical indicators of intensity of the work process according to the parameters of light environment. The Introduction presents the relevance of the topic, purpose of research, scientific novelty, practical significance of the results obtained, personal contribution of the applicant and approbation of the research insights. Section 1 analyzes the traumatism and occupational diseases in Ukraine. It has been determined that the factor of light environment is important for a variety of employees, whose activities are related to obtaining and processing information, as well as making decisions at production site. If this factor does not fully meet the requirements of light environment, it leads to rapid fatigability, reduction in workflow productivity, and is one of the causes of arising injuries and occupation-related diseases. The purpose and tasks of research are formulated on the basis of the conducted analysis and drawbacks revealed when assessing working conditions in terms of the factor of light environment. Section 2 defines that the content of work of the whole category of employees according to the occupational classification in Ukraine has common characteristic features of labor activities: perception of information by the visual analyzer on video display terminals and personal computers, processing of information, decision-making and reproduction of the information processed. As the analysis shows, light environment is the leading factor of ensuring occupational safety for this category. The full-scale studies of the functional status of operators at the workplace under natural lighting have shown that at the light levels exceeding 300 lux, the level of the functional status increases (4.8-5.6) from the low one up to the optimal level. This is 11 due to the physiology of visual perception, since the human eye is the fittest to natural light (brightness contrast, color difference, image quality on the retina, illumination on the retina). In studying the functional status of operators at the workplace under artificial lighting, it has been determined that when exposed to color temperature under LED based lighting about 1000 lux, the indicator of ‘health, activity, mood’ (HAM) is at the low and sufficient level, in contrast to lighting in the range of 500-700 lux, where this indicator is optimal and high. According to the full-scale studies, it is established that at permanent workplaces of operators, the light level should be about 700 lux, with a minimum of 500 lux. The findings of research in self-assessment of the HAM functional status of operators at the workplace under combined luminescent lighting have been presented. It has been determined that the optimal and high level expressed by the data congestion from 450 lux up to 750 lux also confirms the efficiency of the circadian system of an employee; there is an increase observed in the visual and general performance capacity. Under combined LED-based lighting within the light levels from 500 lux up to 700 lux, there is observed an area of the data congestion of the high level of an employee’s functional status. It is established that the indicators of the performance capacity vary depending on the light level of the workplace, light source and color temperature. Poor lighting in real working conditions leads to overstrain of the visual analyzer, which affects the final result of the operator’s work and reduces the accuracy of actions. In Section 3, an algorithm of step-by-step carrying out the studies of the work intensity indicators has been developed for the assessment of working conditions in terms of the factor of light environment. The presented results of experimental studies determined the influence of the parameters of light environment on the operator’s performance capacity. The studies were carried out in an experimental group of operators at working premises with a change in the parameters of light environment under optimal microclimatic conditions. 12 The lighting fixtures with PHILIPS TL-D 18W/54-765 luminescent lamps and PHILIPS-WT120C G2 PSU L600 LED19S/840 light-emitting diode lamps were used as combined and artificial lighting. The light level changed by increasing the number of lamps in the lighting fixture. In order to obtain the distribution of lighting at experimental premises and evaluate the component of artificial lighting at the workplace, the modeling was performed using DIALux software that allowed to determine the light level depending on light sources and assess working conditions of operators. The given studies of work intensity with the definition of the performance capacity indicators under the selected Bourdon-Wiersma and Toulouse-Piéron Cancellation Tests on seven indicators allowed to reveal the amount, concentration, stability and switching of attention, visual perception of space, as well as rapidity of processing the operator’s information. It is managed to assess the real picture of the content of the operator’s work in different systems of light environment and to determine the degree of its impact on working conditions. There has been proposed a form of processing the measurement uncertainty characteristics in estimating the accuracy with a confidence level of 95% for technical measurements, which allows to prevent the unreasonably expanded error interval. The relative expanded uncertainty ranges from 3.18 to 6.57 units of measurement not exceeding 10%. In Section 4, based on the obtained findings of experimental studies, a technique of a comprehensive assessment of working conditions, which is carried out in three stages, has been developed. At the first stage, the lighting system of the workplace at premises is determined, and at the second one – the parameters of light environment. At the third stage, the important factors influencing the indicators of operators’ performance capacity and occupational safety are assessed, being the basis for the feasibility of further development and implementation of measures to increase the level of occupational safety, taking into account the parameters of light environment. Introducing the technique of the comprehensive assessment of working conditions at enterprises allowed to obtain a social effect – a comfortable light environment at 13 permanent workplaces of operators and energy savings for their lighting, which averaged 30-32%. The obtained results and recommendations of the Thesis were implemented at the following companies: AV metal group LLC, Pavlohradinvestbud LLC, Joint Stock Company Interpipe Dnipropetrovsk Vtormet, and in the teaching and learning process at the Department of Life Safety of Prydniprovska State Academy of Civil Engineering and Architecture.